With fighting still raging in Ukraine, and a front line that has barely shifted in more than a year, the country’s president, Volodymyr Zelensky, headed on Tuesday to the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, amid a swirl of diplomatic discussions about possible peace talks.
At the forum, a gathering of business and financial elites, Mr. Zelensky is promoting a diplomatic initiative called the Peace Formula, which has gained the backing of dozens of countries. But those countries do not include Russia, and Moscow has rejected its terms.
Russia has signaled through informal envoys that President Vladimir V. Putin is now open to cease-fire talks. But Ukrainian officials have said that they will reject any temporary truce that comes separate from a broader settlement, lest Russia merely use the pause to regroup and attack again.
On Monday, Switzerland agreed to push the Ukrainian plan a step forward. Switzerland will host a summit of countries backing the Peace Formula later this year, the country’s president, Viola Amherd, said after a meeting with Mr. Zelensky.
The plan calls for a full Russian withdrawal from all Ukrainian territory, including Crimea; payment of reparations; and prosecution of war crimes. All of those demands are considered, by analysts and even politicians backing the proposal, to be unreachable given the current balance of forces on the battlefield. The proposal also includes intermediary steps, such as securing Ukrainian nuclear sites, ensuring grain exports and exchanging prisoners of war.
Ukraine is now on the defense along nearly all of the 600-mile front line and is facing wavering support from allies in Europe and in the United States for continued military and financial aid. It is also preparing for an unpopular draft of about half a million more men into the army.
The Swiss foreign minister, Ignazio Cassis, has suggested that Russia should be invited to the Peace Formula meeting even if Moscow was unlikely to accept.
The Ukrainian plan represented only one side in the war, Mr. Cassis said at a news conference on Sunday, and Russia’s positions would have to be heard eventually. It would be an “illusion,” he added, to think that Russia would participate on the terms Ukraine has laid out.
Mr. Zelensky said last month that Ukraine would engage with Russia by conveying, via an intermediary, the settlement proposal after a meeting of leaders backing the plan.
That formulation is a slight revision to his previous insistence that Ukraine would only negotiate after liberating its territory. Russia now occupies about 20 percent of Ukraine.
Mr. Zelensky said that 83 countries had participated in a conference of national security advisers on Sunday in Davos to agree on a final draft of the peace proposal. “For us, it is very important to show the whole world is against Russian aggression and the whole world is for a just peace,” he said.
Ukraine introduced the plan in 2022 and has been seeking to build support ever since. After the meeting of national security advisers, Ukrainian officials rejected, as they have done repeatedly, the possibility of talks that would lead to a cease-fire freezing the current frontline in place.
Andriy Yermak, Mr. Zelensky’s chief of staff, told reporters in Davos on Sunday, “The Ukrainian president and his entire team will never accept and agree to a frozen conflict.”
Mr. Zelensky visited Switzerland a day after his military claimed a success in the air war by shooting down a Russian airborne radar plane and damaging a command-and-control aircraft.
Ukraine hit both planes as they flew far behind the frontline over the Sea of Azov, an air force spokesman, Yurii Ihnat, told Ukrainian news media, suggesting a capability by the country to strike at long ranges. The military did not clarify what weapons it had fired. The Ukrainian claim could not be independently confirmed.
The radar plane, a model known as an A-50, crashed, while the command-and-control airplane, an Il-22, landed at an airport in southern Russia while on fire, Mr. Ihnat said.
Last month, the Ukrainian Air Force said that it had shot down five Russian fighter jets near the frontline, also without specifying how it had done so. Military analysts suggested that Ukraine had downed the aircraft with American-provided Patriot missiles.
